Carbon Nanotube Fiber Spun From Wetted Ribbon

ABSTRACT

A fiber of carbon nanotubes was prepared by a wet-spinning method involving drawing carbon nanotubes away from a substantially aligned, supported array of carbon nanotubes to form a ribbon, wetting the ribbon with a liquid, and spinning a fiber from the wetted ribbon. The liquid can be a polymer solution and after forming the fiber, the polymer can be cured. The resulting fiber has a higher tensile strength and higher conductivity compared to dry-spun fibers and to wet-spun fibers prepared by other methods.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 60/998,461 filed Oct. 2, 2007, hereby incorporatedby reference.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERAL RIGHTS

This invention was made with government support under Contract No.DE-AC52-06NA25396 awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The togovernment has certain rights in the invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to the preparation of carbonnanotube fiber by a wet-spinning method, and more particularly to thepreparation of carbon nanotube fiber by drawing a ribbon from a supportarray of substantially aligned carbon nanotubes, wetting the ribbon witha liquid, and spinning a fiber from the wetted ribbon.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Individual carbon nanotubes (“CNTs”) are stronger than any other knownmaterial. CNTs with perfect atomic structures have a theoreticalstrength of above 100 GPa. In practice carbon nanotubes do not haveperfect structures. CNTs have been prepared with a measured strength ofgreater than 60 GPa, and the strength may improve upon annealing. Forcomparison, Kevlar fibers currently used in bullet-proof vests have astrength of about 3 GPa, and carbon fibers used for making spaceshuttles and other aerospace structures have strengths of about 2-6.9GPa.

While CNTs are extremely strong materials, current methods for preparingthem result in lengths on the order of only a few millimeters.Processing these short CNTs to produce materials with more practicaluses is an important challenge. Several approaches for processing CNTsinto CNT fiber (sometimes referred to as CNT yarn) have been reported.One approach involves preparing an array of CNTs and dry spinning afiber from the array. Other approaches involve dispersing CNTs inpolymer or acid solutions and then spinning the CNTs into a fiber.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the purposes of the present invention, as embodiedand broadly described herein, the present invention includes a methodfor preparing fiber of carbon nanotubes. The method involves drawingcarbon is nanotubes away from a substantially aligned supported array ofcarbon nanotubes to form a ribbon of carbon nanotubes, wetting theribbon of carbon nanotubes with liquid, and then spinning a fiber fromthe wetted ribbon, wherein spinning involves twisting wetted carbonnanotubes of the wetted ribbon around each other as carbon nanotubes aredrawn away from said substantially aligned, supported array of carbonnanotubes

The invention also includes a fiber prepared by a method that involvesdrawing carbon nanotubes away from a substantially aligned, supportedarray of carbon nanotubes to form a ribbon, wetting the ribbon with aliquid to form a wetted ribbon, and spinning a fiber from wetted ribbon,which comprises twisting the wetted carbon nanotubes of the wettedribbon around each other as the wetted ribbon is drawn from thesubstantially aligned, supported array of carbon nanotubes. In anembodiment, when the liquid was poly(vinylalcohol) and the majority ofthe nanotubes were double walled having an average diameter of about 7nanometers, after drying the fiber and curing the polymer, the fiber hada tensile strength of greater than 0.90 GPa.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and form a part ofthe specification, illustrate the embodiments of the present inventionand, together with the description, serve to explain the principles ofthe invention. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of wet spinninga ribbon of CNTs drawn from an array.

FIG. 2 shows stress-strain curves of (i) a CNT fiber that was dry-spunfrom a 0.3 mm long array, (ii) a CNT fiber prepared by drawing a CNTribbon from a dry 0.3 mm long array, wetting the ribbon with 0.1 percentsolution of poly(vinylalcohol) (“PVA”), and then wet-spinning the wettedribbon, and (iii) a CNT fiber prepared by drawing a CNT ribbon from adry 0.3 mm long array, wetting the ribbon with 1 percent solution ofPVA, and then wet-spinning the wetted ribbon.

FIG. 3 shows scanning electron microscopy (“SEM”) images of (a) a CNTfiber dry spun from a 0.3 mm long array, and (b) a CNT fiber prepared bydrawing a CNT ribbon from a dry 0.3 mm long array, wetting the ribbonwith 1 percent solution of PVA, and then wet-spinning the wetted ribbon.

FIG. 4 shows stress-strain curves of (i) a CNT fiber dry-spun from 0.5mm long array, and (ii) a CNT fiber prepared by drawing a CNT ribbonfrom a dry 0.5 mm long array, wetting the ribbon with 1 percent solutionof PVA, and then wet-spinning the wetted ribbon.

FIG. 5 shows SEM images of (a) a CNT fiber dry spun from a 0.5 mm longarray, and (b) a CNT fiber prepared by drawing a CNT ribbon from a dry0.5 mm long array, wetting the ribbon with 1 percent solution of PVA,and then wet-spinning the wetted ribbon.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The invention is concerned with the preparation of a fiber of carbonnanotubes (CNTs) by spinning from a wetted ribbon of carbon nanotubes.An aspect of the invention is concerned with spinning the fiber of CNTsfrom a wetted ribbon of carbon nanotubes. Another aspect of theinvention is concerned with fiber spun from the wetted ribbon. Fibersresulting from spinning from wetted ribbon according to this inventionhave a higher tensile strength and a higher conductivity than (i) CNTfibers dry spun directly from a CNT array, (ii) CNT fibers wet-spun fromCNTs dispersed in a solution, and (iii) CNT fibers wet-treated bydip-coating after spinning the fiber.

An embodiment process of the invention is shown schematically in FIG. 1.Moving from left to right, CNTs are drawn away from an array ofsubstantially aligned CNTs to form a ribbon of CNTs. Liquid is thenapplied to the ribbon. The wetted ribbon is then spun into fiber.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, a pipette applies a drop of liquid tothe ribbon. In other embodiments, wetted ribbon is produced by passingthe ribbon through liquid or by spraying the ribbon with liquid. In anembodiment, the liquid can be a pure solvent that can be totallyevaporated upon drying. In another embodiment, the liquid can be apolymer solution that leaves behind polymer after the evaporation of thesolvent. In another embodiment, the liquid can be a solution of amonomer that leaves behind the monomer after evaporation of the solvent.

Catalyst structures were used to prepare the CNT arrays. In someembodiments, a CNT array was prepared using a catalyst structure havinga silicon substrate, a thin layer of silicon dioxide (SiO₂) on thesubstrate, a thin layer of alumina (Al₂O₃) on the silicon dioxide layer,and a thin layer of iron on the alumina. In an embodiment, a catalyststructure having a Fe layer thickness of about 0.8 nm produced a CNTarray where the majority of CNTs were double-walled and the average CNTdiameter was about 7 nanometers (nm). The microstructure of the CNTs ofthe array is affected by changes in the thickness of the deposited layerof Fe catalyst. For example, when the thickness of the Fe catalyst layerincreases, the CNT diameter and the number of walls of the CNTsincrease.

The array was produced by placing the catalyst structure in a quartztube furnace, heating the furnace to an elevated temperature, andsending forming gas and a source of carbon through the tube furnace.Forming gas is a nonflammable mixture of argon and hydrogen. In anembodiment, the forming gas composition was 6 percent hydrogen and 94percent argon. Water vapor may be included in the gaseous mixture bypassing a small amount of Ar gas through a water bubbler. The array ofCNTs forms on the catalyst structure.

Hydrocarbons were used as sources of carbon for forming the CNT array.Some non-limiting examples of other suitable hydrocarbons includealkanes such as but not limited to methane, ethane, propane, butane,pentane, hexane (a liquid hydrocarbon); alkenes such as but not limitedto ethylene and propylene; and alkynes such as but not limited toacetylene. Functionalized hydrocarbons may also be used as carbonsources. Some non-limiting examples of functionalized hydrocarbonsinclude alcohols (ethanol, for example) ketones (acetone, for example),esters (ethyl acetate, for example), acids (acetic acid, for example),and the like. Hydrocarbons and functionalized hydrocarbons can be in theliquid phase or the liquid phase. A wide range of concentrations of thehydrocarbon (typically from about 20 percent to about 80 percent) areused along with a nonreactive gas such nitrogen or an inert gas such asargon or helium, or a mixture of gases, where the nonreactive gas ispresent in a concentration of from about 20 percent to about 80 percent.

Hydrogen is present in the feed in an amount less than 20 percent, in anamount less than or equal to about 10 percent, in an amount less than orequal to about 6 percent, in an amount less than or equal to about 5percent or less, in an amount less than or equal to about 4 percent orless, and in an amount less than or equal to about 3 percent.

A typical growth temperature for a CNT array is in the range of fromabout 700 degrees Celsius to about 800 degrees Celsius. Another growthtemperature is in the range of from about 730 degrees to about 780degrees Celsius.

Arrays with good alignment, high purity and therefore strong inter-tubeinteraction are favorable for spinning. However, there appears to be acompromise among the array length, array purity, and array rigidity.Long, spinnable CNT arrays may be obtained at higher temperatures (780degrees, for example) when water is added to the gaseous feed and whenthe growth is for a period of less than about 15 minutes.

Using a substantially aligned array of carbon nanotubes to prepare acomposite fiber guarantees alignment in the spun composite fiber. Thespinning twists the CNTs around each other and squeezes out excessliquid so that individual CNTs can be closely spaced together. The fiberspins at a rate of ω while being pulled into a ribbon a speed of v. Thespinning parameters ω and v can be adjusted to optimize the fiberstructure for highest strength. The as-spun fiber can be stretched toimprove alignment of the nanotubes.

For the description that follows, unless specially mentioned, the CNTarray used for forming wetted ribbon for fiber spinning was producedusing a catalyst structure having a silicon substrate, a 100 nanometer(nm) thick silicon dioxide layer on a silicon substrate, a 10 nm thickaluminum oxide layer deposited by ion beam deposition (IBAD) onto thesilicon dioxide layer, and a 0.8 nm thick Fe layer magnetron sputterdeposited on the aluminum oxide layer. The catalyst structure was placedin the furnace. The furnace was heated to 750 degrees Celsius while anatmosphere of forming gas (composition of 6 percent hydrogen and 94percent argon) was sent through the furnace. Upon reaching 750 degreesCelsius, ethylene was added to the forming gas to enable the growth ofthe CNT arrays. The CNT growth time was varied in order to vary theheight of the CNT arrays. This growth time varied from 5 to 15 minutes.Arrays of different lengths were prepared. In an embodiment, a CNT arrayhaving an average CNT length of about 0.3 mm was prepared and used forfiber spinning. In another embodiment, a spun fiber was prepared from anarray having CNTs of an average length of about 0.5 mm. In yet anotherembodiment, a spun fiber was prepared from an array having CNTs of anaverage length of about 0.6 mm. Arrays having an average CNT length of 1mm, 1.5 mm, 2 mm, 2.5 mm, 3 mm, 3.5 mm, 4 mm, 4.5 mm, 5 mm, and longercan also be prepared and used for forming fiber.

After preparing the CNT array, CNTs from the array were drawn from thearray. At the start, a CNT ribbon of a desired width was pulled awayfrom the array with a pair of tweezers (the array can also be pulledusing other methods/tools). The ribbon was attached to a microprobe tipthat was rotated slowly and pulled away to lengthen the ribbon. Theribbon was then passed through a drop of liquid before twisting it intoa fiber (see FIG. 1). For embodiments where the liquid was a polymersolution, the wet-spun fiber was then put into a vacuum oven at atemperature of about 75 degrees Celsius for 24 hours to dry the fiberand cure the polymer. The cured composite fibers of the invention wereevaluated in tension to obtain the tensile strength, the dependency ofthe strength on the length (i.e. size effect), and the conductivity. Thefibers were also examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).

The drawing-wetting-spinning approach of the invention and thedrawing-spinning-wetting approach of the prior art both provide ahelical orientation of fibers that contributes to load transfer becausethe twisted nanotubes can squeeze radially against each other when thecomposite fiber is under load. This increases the bonding strength andconsequently load-transfer efficiency. However, thedrawing-wetting-spinning approach of the invention is results in CNTfibers that have a higher tensile strength and conductivity compared toCNT fibers prepared by the drawing-spinning-wetting approach. Thedifferences in the tensile strength are shown in the stress-straincurves of FIG. 2. FIG. 2 includes stress-strain curves of (i) a CNTfiber dry-spun from a 0.3 mm long array, (ii) a CNT fiber prepared bydrawing a CNT ribbon from a dry 0.3 mm long array, wetting the ribbonwith 0.1 percent solution of poly(vinylalcohol) (“PVA”), and thenwet-spinning the wetted ribbon, and (iii) a CNT fiber prepared bydrawing a CNT ribbon from a dry 0.3 mm long array, wetting the ribbonwith 1 percent solution of PVA, and then wet-spinning the wetted ribbon.As FIG. 2 shows, the dry-spun fiber has a maximum engineering strengthof only 0.25 gigapascal (GPa) at an engineering strain of 1.9 percent.The fibers wet spun according to the invention have much higherengineering strengths. The maximum engineering strength of the wet-spunfiber prepared using the 0.1 percent solution of PVA, 0.81 GPa at anengineering strain of 1.8 percent. Still greater was the engineeringstrength of the CNT fiber prepared using a higher concentration of PVAin the wetting solution. The fiber prepared using 1 percent PVA wettingsolution had a maximum engineering strength of 1.12 GPa at anengineering strain of 2.0 percent. The solvent for the PVA solutions was50% water and 50% ethanol, by volume.

FIG. 3 a shows scanning electron microscope (“SEM”) image of CNT fiberdry spun from a 0.3 mm long array (i.e. the dry-spun fiber whose stressstrain curve is shown in FIG. 2) and the CNT fiber prepared by drawing aCNT ribbon from a dry 0.3 mm long array, wetting the ribbon with 1percent solution of PVA, and then wet-spinning the wetted ribbon (whosestress strain curve is also shown in FIG. 2). Using essentially the samespinning parameters, the fibers drawn by the wet spinning approach havesmaller diameters than those drawn by the dry spinning approach. Thusthe CNT-CNT contact for the wet spun fibers is greater which contributesto increased load transfer between the CNTs and results is in thegreater tensile strengths of the fibers.

FIG. 4 shows stress-strain curves of (i) a CNT fiber dry-spun from a dry0.5 mm long array, and (ii) a CNT fiber prepared by drawing a CNT ribbonfrom a dry 0.5 mm long array, wetting the ribbon with 1 percent solutionof PVA, and then wet-spinning the wetted ribbon. As FIG. 4 shows, thedry spun fiber has a maximum tensile strength of 0.5 GPa at anengineering strain of 4.2 percent while the wet-spun fiber has a maximumtensile strength of 1.42 at an engineering strain of 1.5 percent. Acomparison of FIG. 4 with FIG. 2 shows that increasing the length of thearray results in an increase in the tensile strength of the spun fiber,and wet-spun fibers are stronger (i.e. have a higher tensile strength)than dry-spun fibers.

FIG. 5 shows scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of (a) a CNTfiber dry spun from a 0.5 mm long array, and (b) a CNT fiber prepared bydrawing a CNT ribbon from a dry 0.5 mm long array, wetting the ribbonwith 1 percent solution of PVA, and then wet-spinning the wetted ribbon.The fibers prepared by the wet-spinning approach have smaller diametersand greater fiber-fiber contact than those prepared by the dry spinningapproach.

TABLE 1 summarizes the improvement in tensile strength of CNT fibersspun from wetted ribbon as compared to the tensile strength of fiberdry-spun directly from a supported array of CNTs. The CNTs from eacharray were 0.6 mm in length. Liquids include pure solvents (ethanol,chloroform) and various polymer solutions (solution of conductingpolymer, solution of non-conducting polymer, aqueous solution,nonaqueous solution). Fibers prepared using polymer solutions were bakedat 75 degrees Celsius for 24 hours to cure the polymer. Methanol andisopropanol gave equivalent results compared to ethanol.

TABLE 1 Percentage (%) increase in Liquid (% by weight/weight) tensilestrength Ethanol (reagent grade) 97 Chloroform (reagent grade) 104 0.68%Poly(3-hexylthiophene) in chloroform (10 mg/ml) 159 2% polyimide inN-Methyl-2-Pyrolidinone 182 0.2% poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (“PVP”) inaqueous 226 ethanol (ethanol/water = 50/50 by volume) (2 mg/ml) 1.1%Polystyrene in tetrahydrofuran (1 mg/ml) 271 1% poly(vinylalcohol)(“PVA”) in ethanol 307 1% DEVCON ™ epoxy in chloroform 324

TABLE 2 compares the strength of fibers prepared by dip-coating or byspinning a fiber from a wetted ribbon according to this invention. Thelength of the array used to spin all of the fibers was 0.6 mm. Entries2, 3, and 4 report the molecular weight “M” of PVA in units ofkiloDaltons (“kDa”). The dip-coating method, which was reported by Zhanget al. in Science, vol. 306, 2004, p. 1358, a involves immersing CNTsinto a coating solution and then pulling the CNTs out of the solution.

TABLE 2 Dip-coating Spin from wetted ribbon Tensile Tensile DiameterStrength Diameter Strength Fiber spinning conditions (micrometers) (GPa)(micrometers) (GPa) Dry-spun fiber 4.6 0.327 (±0.02) 7.3 0.434 (±0.04)0.1% PVA (M = 50 kDa) in 4.3 0.423 (±0.02) 4.2   0.61 ((±0.05) alcoholsolution 1.0% PVA (M = 50 kDa) in 3.9 0.483 (±0.02) 3.8 0.926 (±0.02)alcohol solution 2% PVA (M = 195 kDa, 20 mg/ml) 3.3 0.574 (±0.03) 3.80.904 (±0.02) in alcohol solution 0.2% PVP in alcohol 4.3 0.505 (±0.02)3.1  0.56 (±0.07) 1% epoxy in chloroform 3.6 0.547 (±0.03) 3.3 0.823(±0.04)

From TABLE 2, data indicate that CNT fibers spun from the wetted ribbonalways have a much higher tensile strength than fibers prepared usingthe dip-coating method. One possible explanation for the higher strengthobserved for fibers of the invention is that fiber spun from wettedribbon has more uniformly coated CNTs than does fiber produced by theknown dip-coating method. Another possible explanation for the higherstrength is that wetting before spinning makes it easier for individualCNTs to have a closer contact with each other due to capillary force,and this leads to higher CNT volume fraction and better inter-tube loadtransfer.

The CNT fiber resistances were measured at room temperature using thefollowing procedure. The CNT fiber was first transferred onto thesurface of a clean glass slide, and then the two ends of the fiber werecovered with silver paste and dried for a couple of hours. The silverpaste ends served as electrodes. Measurements were taken after thesilver electrodes were dried for a couple of hours. TABLE 3 below showsa comparison of electrical conductivity of CNT fibers prepared bydry-spinning and wet-spinning using several liquids, including polymersolutions. The same width of ribbon was used to prepare each of thefibers.

TABLE 3 Diameter Tensile Resis- (microm- Strength Strain tance Length σSample eters) (GPa) (%) (kΩ) (mm) (S/cm) Dry-spun 5.0 0.27 3 44.6 17.6201 fiber ethanol 3.3 0.58 2.7 54.9 17.6 375 1% PVA in 3.3 0.78 3.3 67.919.4 334 ethanol CH₃Cl 3.3 0.58 3 48.4 17.0 411 1% epoxy 3.3 0.86 3 62.811.6 216 in CHCl₃

Using the same width ribbon being pulled from an array, the diameter foreach wet-spun fiber was always less than that for the dry-spun fiber. Inaddition, the conductivity for each wet-spun fiber was greater than theconductivity of the dry-is spun fiber. Thus, the spinning fiber fromwetted ribbon appears to improve both the mechanical and the electricalproperties of the fiber compared to spinning from dry carbon nanotubes.

CNT fibers spun from wetted ribbon drawn from a support array ofsubstantially aligned CNTs can be used for a wide variety ofapplication. The fibers can be used to prepare superior laminates, woventextiles, and other structural fiber composite articles. Fibercomposites of this invention could be used to prepare strong and lightarmor for aircraft, missiles, space stations, space shuttles, and otherhigh strength articles. The reduced weight would allow aircraft andprojectiles to fly faster and for longer distances. These features arealso important for spacecraft for future space missions (to the moon andto Mars, for example), where high strength and lightweight features ofthe composite fibers are very important.

In summary, fibers were prepared by spinning a wetted ribbon of carbonnanotubes. The ribbon was drawn from a relatively rigid, high-purityarray with good CNT alignment. When the wetting liquid was a polymersolution, after removing the solvent and curing the polymer, theresulting fiber had a higher tensile strength and higher conductivitycompared to a dry spun fiber. The conductivity is also higher than forfiber prepared from CNTs soaked in polymer solution, and for fibersprepared when the liquid is applied to a fiber during the spinning.

The foregoing description of the invention has been presented forpurposes of illustration and description and is not intended to beexhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, andobviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of theabove teaching.

The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain theprinciples of the invention and its practical application to therebyenable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention invarious embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to theparticular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of theinvention be defined by the claims appended hereto.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for spinning a fiber of carbonnanotubes, comprising: drawing carbon nanotubes away from asubstantially aligned, supported array of carbon nanotubes to form aribbon, wetting the ribbon of carbon nanotubes with a liquid to form awetted ribbon of carbon nanotubes, and spinning a fiber from said wettedribbon of carbon nanotubes, wherein spinning comprises twisting wettedcarbon nanotubes of the wetted ribbon around each other as carbonnanotubes are drawn away from said substantially aligned, supportedarray of carbon nanotubes.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step ofwetting the carbon nanotubes of the ribbon occurs before the carbonnanotubes are spun into a fiber.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein thestep of wetting occurs as carbon nanotubes are being twisted around eachother during the spinning step.
 4. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising drying the fiber.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein theliquid comprises an organic liquid, an inorganic liquid, or acombination of organic liquid and inorganic liquid.
 6. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the liquid is chosen from a hydrocarbon, a halogenatedhydrocarbon, an alcohol, an ester, and ether, an amide, and an acid. 7.The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid comprises a polymer dissolvedin solvent.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid comprises asolution of poly(vinylalcohol).
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein theliquid comprises a polymer dissolved in a solvent, and wherein themethod after spinning the fiber from the wetted ribbon further comprisesremoving the solvent and curing the polymer.
 10. The method of claim 1,wherein the liquid comprises a monomer dissolved in solvent.
 11. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the liquid comprises a monomer dissolved in asolvent, and wherein the method after spinning a fiber from a wettedribbon further comprises removing the solvent and polymerizing themonomer to a polymer.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquidcomprises a monomer dissolved in a solvent, and wherein the method afterspinning a fiber from a wetted ribbon further comprises removing thesolvent, polymerizing the monomer to a polymer, and curing the polymer.13. The method of claim 1, further comprising preparing a substantiallyaligned, supported array of carbon nanotubes.
 14. The method of claim 1,wherein the step of wetting the ribbon with liquid comprises passing theribbon through a liquid, spraying the ribbon with a liquid, or passingthe ribbon through a supersaturated vapor.
 15. The method of claim 1,wherein the fiber has a tensile strength that is greater than thetensile strength of a fiber spun from said method excluding the step ofwetting the ribbon.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the majority ofthe carbon nanotubes of the substantially aligned, supported array ofcarbon nanotubes are double-walled carbon nanotubes.
 17. The method ofclaim 16, wherein the double walled carbon nanotubes of thesubstantially aligned, supported array have an average diameter of about7 nanometers.
 18. A fiber of carbon nanotubes prepared by a methodcomprising: drawing carbon nanotubes away from a substantially aligned,supported array of carbon nanotubes to form a ribbon, the majority ofthe carbon nanotubes being double-walled carbon nanotubes, wetting theribbon with a liquid comprising a polymer to form a wetted ribbon,spinning a fiber from wetted ribbon, wherein spinning comprises twistingthe carbon nanotubes of the wetted ribbon around each other as thecarbon nanotubes are drawn away from the substantially aligned,supported array of carbon nanotubes, and thereafter heating the fiberfor a period of time and at a temperature sufficient to cure thepolymer, resulting in the fiber having a tensile strength of at least0.90 GPa.
 19. The fiber of claim 18, wherein the majority of the carbonnanotubes have an average diameter of about 7 nanometers. The fiber ofclaim 18, wherein the polymer comprises poly(vinylalcohol).